Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Exercise modality–dependent non-hypertrophic anabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle of rats with type 2 diabetes

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2026.1773632

Figure Lengend Snippet: Associations between 8 week exercise and Irisin–integrin–PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling (A,B) Serum irisin (A) and skeletal muscle irisin (B) (C–E) Representative Western blot images and quantitative analysis of integrin α7 and integrin β1 expression in gastrocnemius muscle (F–J) Representative Western blot images and quantitative analysis of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) expression. NC = normal control; DC = diabetic control; DA = diabetic aerobic exercise; DR = diabetic resistance exercise; DAR = diabetic combined aerobic–resistance exercise. Exact Holm-adjusted P values and effect sizes (Hedges’ g or Cliff’s δ, as appropriate) are shown.

Article Snippet: Membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat milk at room temperature and incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies against MuRF1, Atrogin-1, PI3K, AKT, mTOR, integrin β1 (Abcam), and integrin α7 (Bio-Rad).

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Control

Journal: PeerJ

Article Title: Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells alleviate premature ovarian failure via blockage of autophagy and AMPK/mTOR pathway

doi: 10.7717/peerj.16517

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Ovarian tissue samples were collected on the 15th day, and the apoptosis of ovarian GCs was detected by TUNEL staining. Scale bar: 20 µm. (B) The ultrastructure and intracellular autophagy of cells in ovarian tissue were observed by transmission electron microscope. Scale bar: 2 µm. (C) Levels of autophagy-related genes (Beclin-1 and LC3II/LC3I), apoptosis-related protein Bcl-2, and pathway-related proteins (p-AMPK/AMPK and p-mTOR/mTOR) were detected by western blotting. ** p < 0.01 compared with the WT group. # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01 compared with the POF group. Ovarian tissue samples were collected on the 15th day.

Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study were the AMPK antibody (1:1,000, ab32047, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), p-AMPK antibody (1:1,000, ab32047, Abcam), mTOR antibody (1:1,000, CSB-PA208208; Cusabio, Hubei, China), p-mTOR antibody (1:1,000, CSB-PA271384; Cusabio), Beclin-1 antibody (1:1,000, ab210498; Abcam), LC3II/LC3I antibody (1:1,000, 12741T; CST), Bcl-2 antibody (1:1,000, ab182858; Abcam), CD63 antibody (1:1,000, ab217345; Abcam), CD81 antibody (1:1,000, DF2306; Affinity, Cincinnati, OH, USA), TSG101 antibody (1:1,000, DF8427; Affinity), HSP70 antibody (1:1,000, AF5466, Affinity) and the GAPDH antibody (1:1,000, ab245355; Abcam).

Techniques: TUNEL Assay, Staining, Transmission Assay, Microscopy, Western Blot

Journal: PeerJ

Article Title: Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells alleviate premature ovarian failure via blockage of autophagy and AMPK/mTOR pathway

doi: 10.7717/peerj.16517

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) ELISA was used to evaluate the levels of E2, FSH, MDA, ROS, and SOD. (B) Ovarian tissue samples were collected on the 15th day, and the apoptosis of ovarian GCs was detected by TUNEL staining. Scale bar: 20 µm. (C–D) The protein levels of Beclin-1, LC3II/LC3I, Bcl-2, p-AMPK, and p-mTOR were detected by western blotting. ** p < 0.01 compared with the WT group, # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01 compared with the POF group, and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\hat {}\hat {}$\end{document} ˆ ˆ p < 0.05 and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\hat {}\hat {}$\end{document} ˆ ˆ p < 0.01 compared with the ADSCs group.

Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study were the AMPK antibody (1:1,000, ab32047, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), p-AMPK antibody (1:1,000, ab32047, Abcam), mTOR antibody (1:1,000, CSB-PA208208; Cusabio, Hubei, China), p-mTOR antibody (1:1,000, CSB-PA271384; Cusabio), Beclin-1 antibody (1:1,000, ab210498; Abcam), LC3II/LC3I antibody (1:1,000, 12741T; CST), Bcl-2 antibody (1:1,000, ab182858; Abcam), CD63 antibody (1:1,000, ab217345; Abcam), CD81 antibody (1:1,000, DF2306; Affinity, Cincinnati, OH, USA), TSG101 antibody (1:1,000, DF8427; Affinity), HSP70 antibody (1:1,000, AF5466, Affinity) and the GAPDH antibody (1:1,000, ab245355; Abcam).

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, TUNEL Assay, Staining, Western Blot

Journal: PeerJ

Article Title: Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells alleviate premature ovarian failure via blockage of autophagy and AMPK/mTOR pathway

doi: 10.7717/peerj.16517

Figure Lengend Snippet: The protein levels of p-AMPK/AMPK, p-mTOR/mTOR, Bcl-2, Beclin-1, and LC3II/LC3I were detected by western blotting. ** p < 0.01 compared with the PBS group, # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01 compared with the Exo group.

Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study were the AMPK antibody (1:1,000, ab32047, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), p-AMPK antibody (1:1,000, ab32047, Abcam), mTOR antibody (1:1,000, CSB-PA208208; Cusabio, Hubei, China), p-mTOR antibody (1:1,000, CSB-PA271384; Cusabio), Beclin-1 antibody (1:1,000, ab210498; Abcam), LC3II/LC3I antibody (1:1,000, 12741T; CST), Bcl-2 antibody (1:1,000, ab182858; Abcam), CD63 antibody (1:1,000, ab217345; Abcam), CD81 antibody (1:1,000, DF2306; Affinity, Cincinnati, OH, USA), TSG101 antibody (1:1,000, DF8427; Affinity), HSP70 antibody (1:1,000, AF5466, Affinity) and the GAPDH antibody (1:1,000, ab245355; Abcam).

Techniques: Western Blot

Journal: PeerJ

Article Title: Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells alleviate premature ovarian failure via blockage of autophagy and AMPK/mTOR pathway

doi: 10.7717/peerj.16517

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) IC50 value for ADSCs-Exo treating CTX-treated KGN cells was identified by cell counting kit (CCK)-8 assay. (B) Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay. (C) Cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. (D) The protein levels of Beclin-1, LC3II/LC3I, Bcl-2, p-AMPK/AMPK, and p-mTOR/mTOR were detected by western blotting. KGN cells were treated with 250 µM CTX, 10 µg/mL ADSCs-Exo, or/and 5 µM rapamycin (Rapa). ** p < 0.01 compared with the control group, ## p < 0.01 compared with the CTX group, and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\hat {}$\end{document} ˆ p < 0.05 and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $\hat {}\hat {}$\end{document} ˆ ˆ p < 0.01 compared with the CTX + ADSCs-Exo group.

Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study were the AMPK antibody (1:1,000, ab32047, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), p-AMPK antibody (1:1,000, ab32047, Abcam), mTOR antibody (1:1,000, CSB-PA208208; Cusabio, Hubei, China), p-mTOR antibody (1:1,000, CSB-PA271384; Cusabio), Beclin-1 antibody (1:1,000, ab210498; Abcam), LC3II/LC3I antibody (1:1,000, 12741T; CST), Bcl-2 antibody (1:1,000, ab182858; Abcam), CD63 antibody (1:1,000, ab217345; Abcam), CD81 antibody (1:1,000, DF2306; Affinity, Cincinnati, OH, USA), TSG101 antibody (1:1,000, DF8427; Affinity), HSP70 antibody (1:1,000, AF5466, Affinity) and the GAPDH antibody (1:1,000, ab245355; Abcam).

Techniques: Cell Counting, CCK-8 Assay, Flow Cytometry, Western Blot, Control

Journal: Aging (Albany NY)

Article Title: Geniposide-mediated protection against amyloid deposition and behavioral impairment correlates with downregulation of mTOR signaling and enhanced autophagy in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

doi: 10.18632/aging.101759

Figure Lengend Snippet: Geniposide treatment decreases mTOR activation markers in brains of APP/PS1 mice. Hippocampal expression of Akt, mTOR, and 4E-BP1, and their respective phosphorylated forms was detected by western blot. The expression of p-Akt ( A ) and p-mTOR ( B ) was enhanced in APP/PS1 mice compared to WT, and geniposide attenuated this increase. The expression of p-4E-BP1 ( C ) in APP/PS1 mice was reduced compared to WT, and geniposide partly restored this decrease. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6). *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05 vs. WT; # p < 0.05 vs. APP/PS1 mice (one-way ANOVA, Tukey's Multiple Comparison Test). WT: wild-type mice. GP: geniposide.

Article Snippet: The membranes were blocked in 5% bovine serum albumin in TBST (Tris-buffered saline with 0.05% Tween-20) for 1h, and incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies directed against: Akt (1:1,000), p-Akt (1:2,000), mTOR (1:1,000), p-mTOR (1:1,000), 4E-BP1 (1:1,000), or p-4E-BP1 (1:2,000), followed by incubation at 4°C for 2h with a goat-anti-rabbit IgG-horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Boster, Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Western Blot, Comparison

Journal: World Journal of Gastroenterology

Article Title: Antagonizing adipose tissue-derived exosome miR-103-hepatocyte phosphatase and tensin homolog pathway alleviates autophagy in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A trans-cellular crosstalk

doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i29.4528

Figure Lengend Snippet: The capacity of miR-103 in targeting phosphatase and tensin homolog gene and affecting autophagy. A: The luciferase reporter assay results verified the interaction between miR-103 and phosphatase and tensin homolog; B: Western blotting showed the differential expression of the autophagy-related protein; C: Transmission electron microscopy images of autophagosomes (red arrowhead) in the liver; D: The results of immunofluorescence staining showed liver autophagosomes in different groups. a P < 0.01 vs control; b P < 0.01 vs model; c P < 0.01 vs miR-103; d P < 0.05 vs model. PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog; WT: Wild type; MUT: Mutant; DAPI: 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; NC: Negative control.

Article Snippet: The membranes were blocked and incubated overnight with antibodies against PTEN (9188T, CST), p-AMPK (ab32047, Abcam), p-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (CSB-PA271384, Cusabio), LC3 (12741T, CST), p62 (ab91526, Abcam), and GAPDH (ab245355, Abcam) at 4 °C.

Techniques: Luciferase, Reporter Assay, Western Blot, Quantitative Proteomics, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Control, Mutagenesis, Negative Control

Journal: World Journal of Gastroenterology

Article Title: Antagonizing adipose tissue-derived exosome miR-103-hepatocyte phosphatase and tensin homolog pathway alleviates autophagy in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A trans-cellular crosstalk

doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i29.4528

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effect of adipose tissue-derived exosomes miR-103 on autophagy in mice. A and B: Western blotting detected the expression of the autophagy-related protein; C: The results of immunofluorescence staining to observe autophagosomes in the liver from different groups; D: Transmission electron microscopy images of autophagosomes (red arrowhead) in the liver from different groups. a P < 0.05 vs control; b P < 0.01 vs control; c P < 0.05 vs exosomes; d P < 0.01 vs exosomes. Exo: Exosomes; PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog; DAPI: 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; NC: Negative control.

Article Snippet: The membranes were blocked and incubated overnight with antibodies against PTEN (9188T, CST), p-AMPK (ab32047, Abcam), p-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (CSB-PA271384, Cusabio), LC3 (12741T, CST), p62 (ab91526, Abcam), and GAPDH (ab245355, Abcam) at 4 °C.

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Western Blot, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Control, Negative Control

Journal: Cells

Article Title: PROX1, a Key Mediator of the Anti-Proliferative Effect of Rapamycin on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells

doi: 10.3390/cells11030446

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of MTOR inhibition by rapamycin on HCC cell proliferation. Four different HCC cell lines (HepG2, Huh7, Hep3B and SNU3160) were cultured in conditional media (1% FBS) with or without rapamycin (RAPA). Proliferation of Huh7 or Hep3B cells was inhibited by 10 nM rapamycin for 48 h ( A ). Proliferation of Huh7 or Hep3B cells was regulated by rapamycin in a dose-dependent manner (within 0.1~20 nM) ( B ). PROX1 expression was increased by rapamycin in Huh7 or Hep3B cells. The inhibitory effect of rapamycin was confirmed by detecting the phosphorylated form of MTOR (p-MTOR). MTOR and β-actin were detected as quantitative controls ( C ). Relative expression of PROX1 were analyzed image J ( D ). PROX1 expression was also assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy ( E ). Cell nuclei were observed by DAPI staining. D: DMSO-treated cells, R: rapamycin-treated cells. Scale bars represent 100 μm. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: For Western blot assay, 20 μg of proteins was separated by 10% SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (GE HealthCare, Hatfield, UK), which were then treated with anti-PROX1 antibody [ ], anti-phospho-MTOR (p-MTOR, ser-2448) antibody (sc-101738, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), anti-MTOR antibody (Ab-2448, Cusabio, Houston, TX, USA), anti-β-actin antibody (sc-47778, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA), appropriate secondary antibodies, and enhanced chemiluminescence detection reagent (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ, USA).

Techniques: Inhibition, Cell Culture, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Microscopy, Staining

Journal: Cells

Article Title: PROX1, a Key Mediator of the Anti-Proliferative Effect of Rapamycin on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells

doi: 10.3390/cells11030446

Figure Lengend Snippet: PROX1 expression was increased by rapamycin in Huh7 or Hep3B cells. PROX1 expression was elevated in Huh7 ( A ) or Hep3B cells ( E ) after 12~36 h of rapamycin treatment. The inhibitory effect of rapamycin was confirmed by detecting the phosphorylated form of MTOR (p-MTOR). MTOR and β-actin were detected as quantitative controls. The relative analysis comparing PROX1 expression with β-actin shows that PROX1 expression was significantly up-regulated by rapamycin in Huh7 ( B ) or Hep3B cells ( F ). Western blot analysis was performed after Huh7 ( C ) or Hep3B cells ( G ) were treated with rapamycin at concentrations of 0.1~20 nM. Rapamycin activity was confirmed by detecting p-MTOR. MTOR and β-actin were measured as quantitative controls. PROX1 expression in Huh7 ( D ) or Hep3B cells ( H ) was analyzed and compared with β-actin. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: For Western blot assay, 20 μg of proteins was separated by 10% SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (GE HealthCare, Hatfield, UK), which were then treated with anti-PROX1 antibody [ ], anti-phospho-MTOR (p-MTOR, ser-2448) antibody (sc-101738, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), anti-MTOR antibody (Ab-2448, Cusabio, Houston, TX, USA), anti-β-actin antibody (sc-47778, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA), appropriate secondary antibodies, and enhanced chemiluminescence detection reagent (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Activity Assay

Journal: Cells

Article Title: PROX1, a Key Mediator of the Anti-Proliferative Effect of Rapamycin on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells

doi: 10.3390/cells11030446

Figure Lengend Snippet: Rapamycin increased the intracellular half-life of PROX1 protein. The mRNA expression of PROX1 was analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR using total RNAs prepared from Huh7 ( A ) or Hep3B cells ( E ) treated with or without rapamycin. Quantitative RT-PCR results showed that the expression of PROX1 mRNA in Huh7 ( B ) or Hep3B cells ( F ) was not affected by rapamycin. The half-life of PROX1 protein in Huh7 ( C ) or Hep3B cells ( G ) was measured by treating cells with or without rapamycin for 24 h and then exposing them to cycloheximide (50 µg/mL). Phosphorylated MTOR (p-MTOR) was detected to monitor the inhibitory effect of rapamycin. MTOR and β-actin were measured as quantitative controls. Relative analysis showed that PROX1 expression in Huh7 ( D ) or Hep3B cells ( H ) began to decrease after 2 h of cycloheximide treatment in DMSO-treated control cells, but it was maintained after rapamycin treatment for up to 6 h. ** p < 0.01. DMSO: DMSO-treated cells, RAPA: rapamycin-treated cells.

Article Snippet: For Western blot assay, 20 μg of proteins was separated by 10% SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (GE HealthCare, Hatfield, UK), which were then treated with anti-PROX1 antibody [ ], anti-phospho-MTOR (p-MTOR, ser-2448) antibody (sc-101738, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), anti-MTOR antibody (Ab-2448, Cusabio, Houston, TX, USA), anti-β-actin antibody (sc-47778, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA), appropriate secondary antibodies, and enhanced chemiluminescence detection reagent (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Control

Journal: Cells

Article Title: PROX1, a Key Mediator of the Anti-Proliferative Effect of Rapamycin on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells

doi: 10.3390/cells11030446

Figure Lengend Snippet: PROX1 played a key role in the anti-proliferative effect of rapamycin. Huh7 ( A ) or Hep3B cells ( E ) were transfected with a plasmid expressing human PROX1 or an empty plasmid, and 24 h later were treated with or without rapamycin for an additional 24 h. Western blot analysis showed that PROX1 expression was increased by the over-expression system and by rapamycin, and markedly by rapamycin treatment plus PROX1 over-expression. D: cells treated with DMSO, R: cells treated with rapamycin. The effect of PROX1 on the proliferation of Huh7 ( B ) or Hep3B cells ( F ) was also investigated using the over-expression system. After 24 h of transfection, cells were treated with or without rapamycin for an additional 48 h. Cell proliferation was inhibited by rapamycin and by PROX1 over-expression. Huh7 ( C ) or Hep3B cells ( G ) were transfected with siRNA targeting PROX1 mRNA (siPROX1) or control siRNA (siCTR). After 24 h, cells were treated with or without rapamycin for an additional 24 h. Western blot analysis clearly showed the knock-down effect of siPROX1. The inhibitory effect of rapamycin was confirmed by determining phosphorylated MTOR (p-MTOR). MTOR and β-actin were detected as quantitative controls. To investigate the effect of siPROX1 on cell proliferation, Huh7 ( D ) or Hep3B cells ( H ) were transfected with siPROX1 and treated with or without rapamycin for an additional 48 h. siPROX1treatment was found to increase the proliferation of Huh7 or Hep3B cells and to decrease the anti-proliferative effect of rapamycin. **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001. DMSO: DMSO-treated cells, RAPA: rapamycin-treated cells.

Article Snippet: For Western blot assay, 20 μg of proteins was separated by 10% SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (GE HealthCare, Hatfield, UK), which were then treated with anti-PROX1 antibody [ ], anti-phospho-MTOR (p-MTOR, ser-2448) antibody (sc-101738, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), anti-MTOR antibody (Ab-2448, Cusabio, Houston, TX, USA), anti-β-actin antibody (sc-47778, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA), appropriate secondary antibodies, and enhanced chemiluminescence detection reagent (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ, USA).

Techniques: Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Expressing, Western Blot, Over Expression, Control, Knockdown